Opengl game programming

Discover how to create the effects seen in today's top games!

OpenGL Game Programming teaches you how to use OpenGL to create dynamic 3D environments and effects for use in game development. Beginning with the histories of OpenGL and Microsoft DirextX, programming essentials for Microsoft Windows and 3D theory, you'll quickly move on to lessons on the functionality of OpenGL. Most of the chapters include demo programs that will allow you to see OpenGL in action. You'll then learn how to pull together OpenGL, Microsoft DirectSound, and Microsoft DirectInput to create your own games!

What's on the CD:

• Microsoft DirectX 8 software development kit
• OpenGL software development kit
• Over 60 OpenGL demos
• Audio, music, 3D polygon modeling, multimedia scripting, graphics viewer, and more
• Window creation, texture loading, font rendering, and powerful image loading libraries
• Sample games and source code from the book

Table of Contents

p>Letter from the Series Editor
Foreword
Introduction

Part I: Introduction to OpenGl and DirectX

Chapter 1: The Eploration Begins: OpenGl and DirectX
Why Make Games?
The World of 3D Games
The Elements of a Game
Your Tools
What is OpenGL

OpenGl History
OpenGL Architecture
The OpenGL Utility Library
What is GLUT
A Sneak Peek

What is DirectX

DirectX History
DirectX Architecture
DirectX Graphics
DirectX Audio
DirectInput
DirectPlay
DirectShow
DirectSetup

OpenGL versus DirectX
Summary

Chapter 2: Using Windows with OpenGL
Introduction to Windows Programming

The Basic Windows Application
Getting Started with WinMain()
The Windows procedure
Handling Messages
Window Classes
Setting the Windows Class Atrributes
Loading Icons and Mouse Pointers
Registering the Class
Window Creation
The Message Loop
A Complete Windows Application

Introduction to WGL

The Rendering Context
Using WGL
wglCreateContext()
wglDeleteContext()
wglMakeCurrent()

Pixel Formats

nSize
dwFlags
iPixelType
cColorBits

The OpenGL Window Application
Full-Screen OpenGL
Summary

Chapter 3: An Overview of 3D Graphics Theory
Scalars, Points, and Vectors

Vector Magnitude
Vector Normalization
Vector Addition
Vector-Scalar Multiplication
The Dot Product
The Cross Product

Matrices

The Identity Matrix
The Zero Matrix
Matrix Addition and Subtraction
Matrix Multiplication
Putting It Together

Transformations

Translation
Rotation
Scaling

Projections

Parallel Projection
Perspective Projection

3D Clipping
Lighting

Ambient Light
Diffuse Light
Specular Light

Texture Mapping
Summary

Part II: Using OpenGL

Chapter 4: OpenGl States and Primitives
State Functions
Handling Primitives

Drawing Points in 3D
Modifying Point Size
Antialiasing Points
Drawing Lines in 3D
Modifying Line Width
Antialiasing Lines Width
Specifying a Stipple Pattern
Drawing Polygons in 3D
Polygon Face Culling
Hiding Polygon Edges
Antialiasing Polygons
Specifying a Stipple Pattern
Triangles
Quadrilaterals
Polygons
Using Primitives

Summary

Chapter 5: Coordinate Transformations and OpenGL Matrices
Understanding Coordinate Transfermations

The Camera and Eye Coordinates
Viewing Transformations
Using the gluLookAt() Function
Using the glRotate*() and glTranslate*O Functions
CreatingYour Own Custom Routines
Modeling Transformations
Projection Transformations
The Viewport Transformation

OpenGL and Matrices

The Modelview Matrix
Translation
Rotation
Scaling
Matrix Stacks
The Robot Example

Projections

Orthographic
Perspective
Setting the Viewport
Projection Example

UsingYour Own Matrices

LoadingYour Matrix
Multiplying Matrices
Custom Matrix Example

Summary

Chapter 6: Adding Colors, Blending, and Lighting
How Does ColorWork!
Using Colors in OpenGL

Color Depth
The Color Cube
RGBA Mode in OpenGL
Color-lndex Mode in OpenGL

Shading
Lighting in OpenGL

OpenGL Lighting and the Real World
Materials
Normals
Calculating Normals
Using Normals
The Unit Normal
Using OpenGL Lighting
Creating Light Sources
Positioning Light Sources
Attenuation
Spotlights
Defining Materials
Lighting Models
Specular Lighting Effects
Moving and Rotating Lights

Blending

Transparency

Summary

Chapter 7: Bitmaps and Images with OpenGL
The OpenGL Bitmap

Positioning the Bitmap
Drawing the Bitmap
An OpenGL Bitmap Example

Using Images

Drawing Image Data
Reading from the Screen
Copying Screen Data
Magnification, Reduction, and Flipping

Managing Pixel Storage
The Windows Bitmap

The BMP File Format
Loading BMP Files
Writing BMP Files

Targa Image Files

The Targa File Format
Loading Targa Files
Writing Targa Files

Summary

Chapter 8: Texture Mapping
An Overview of Texture Mapping

The Checkered-Cube Example

Applying the Texture Map

2D Textures
I D Textures
3D Textures

Texture Objects

Generating the Texture Name
Creating and UsingTexture Objects

Texture Filtering
Texture Functions
Texture Coordinates

Repeating and Clamping

Mipmaps and Level of Detail

Automatically Generating Mipmaps

The Waving-Flag Example

The Explanation
The Implementation

The Textured Heightfield Terrain Example

The Explanation
The Implementation

Summary

Chapter 9: Advanced Texture Mapping
Multitexturing

Verifying Multitexture Support
Accessing Extension Functions
Establishing the Texture Units
Specifying the Texture Coordinates

Putting It Together Environment Mapping

The Torus in the Sky

The Texture Matrix
Lightmapping

Using the Lightmap

Multipass Multitexturing
Summary

Chapter 10: Display Lists and Vertex Arrays
Display Lists

Creating a Display List
Filling a Display List with Commands
Executing Display Lists
Display-List Issues
Destroying Display Lists
Display Lists and Textures
Example: Robot Demo with Display Lists

Vertex Arrays

EnablingVertex Arrays
Working with Arrays
glDrawArrays()
glDrawElements()
glDrawRangeElements()
glArrayElement()
Vertex Arrays and Multitexturing
Locking Arrays
Example:Terrain Demo Revisited

Summary

Chapter 11: Displaying Text
Bitmap Fonts
Outline Fonts
Texture-Mapped Fonts
Summary

Chapter 12: OpenGL Buffers
What Is an OpenGL Buffer?

Setting Up the Pixel Format
Clearing the Buffers

The Color Buffer

Double-Buffered Systems
Stereo Buffering

The Depth Buffer

Depth-Comparison Functions
Using the Depth Buffer

The Stencil Buffer

A Stencil-Buffer Example

The Accumulation Buffer
Summary

Chapter 13: OpenGL Quadrics
The Basics of OpenGL Quadrics

Draw Style
Normal
Orientation
Texture Coordinates
Cleaning Up

Disks
Cylinders
Spheres
Example:A Quadric Fly-Through World
Summary

Chapter 14: Curves and Surfaces
Curve and Surface Representation

Parametric Equations
Control Points and Continuity

Evaluators

Evenly Spaced Grids

Surfaces

Applying Textures to Surfaces

NURBS
Summary

Chapter 15: Special Effects
Billboarding

Example: Cacti in the Desert

Using Particle Systems

Parricles
Position
Velocity
Life Span
Size
Weight
Representation
Color
Owner
Methods
Particle Systems
Particle List
Position
Emission Rate
Forces
Default Particle Attributes and Ranges
Current State
Blending
Representation
Methods
Particle-System Managers
Implementation
Particle-System Effects
Example: Snowstorm

Fog

OpenGL Fog
Volumetric Fog

Reflections

Reflecting Lights
Handling the Depth Buffer
Handling Finite Planes Using Stencil Buffers
Addressing Irregular Reflective Surfaces
Handling Arbitrarily Oriented Planes

Shadows

Static Shadows
Projective Shadows
The Shadow-Projection Matrix
Handling Problems with the Depth Buffer
Restricting the Shadow with the Stencil Buffer
Handling Multiple Light Sources and Multiple Planar Surfaces
Problems with Projective Shadows
Stenciled Shadow Volumes
Other Methods
Example: Reflections and Shadows

Summary

Part III: Building a Game

Chapter 16: Using DirectX: DirectInput
Why Use DirectInput?

Windows Messages
Win32
Win32 Keyboard Input
Win32 Joystick Input
Directinput

Initializing Directinput

Directinput Return Values

Using Directinput

Adding Devices
Creating Devices
Enumerating Devices
Verifying Device Capabilities
Enumerating Objects
Setting the Device Data Format
Setting the Cooperative Level
Modifying Device Properties
Acquiring the Device
Getting Input
Immediate Data
Buffered Data
Polling Devices
Shutting Down

Action Mapping
Building the Input Sub-System
Input Sample Program
Summary

Chapter 17: Using DirectX Audio
The Basics of Sound

Sound on the Computer
Digitized Sound
Synthesized Sound

What Is DirectX Audio?

DirectX Audio Features
Loader
Segments and Segment States
Performance
Messages
Performance Channels
DLS Synthesizer
Instruments and Downloading
Audiopaths and Buffers
Audio Data Flow

Loading and Playing Audio with DirectMusic

Initialize COM
Create and Initialize the Performance
Create the Loader
Load a Segment
Download the Band
Play the Segment
Stopping a Segment
Is the Segment Playing?
Controlling Segment Loops
Cleaning Up

A Simple Example
Using Audiopaths

The Default Audiopath
Standard Audiopaths
Playing Sound on Audiopaths
Retrieving Objects from Audiopaths

3D Sound

3D Sound Coordinates
Perception
The DirectSound 3D Buffer
Setting 3D Parameters
The Minimum and Maximum Distances
Processing Mode
Position and Velocity
Sound Cones
The DirectSound 3D Listener
3D ClickingText Example

Summary

Chapter 18: Working with 3D Models
3D Model File Formats
The MD2 File Format

Our MD2 Implementation
Loading the MD2
Displaying the MD2
Adding the Texture
Animating the Model
Developing a CMD2Model Class
Controlling the Model Animation

One Last Tidbit
Summary

Chapter 19: Physics Modeling with OpenGL
A Physics Review

Time
Distance, Displacement, and Position
Velocity
Acceleration
Force
Newton's First Law of Motion
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Newton's Third Law of Motion
Momentum
Conservation of Momentum
Friction
Friction on a Flat Surface
Friction on an Inclined Plane

Modeling the Real World

Breaking Things Up
Timing
The Vector
The Plane
The Object
Handling Object Collisions
Bounding Spheres
Bounding Boxes
Plane Collisions
Collision Response
An Example:Air Hockey
The Air-Hockey World
The Hockey Table
The Puck and Time-Based Collision
The Player
Putting It Together

Summary

Chapter 20: Building a Game Engine
Designing The SimpEngine

Managing Data with CNode
Working with Objects: CObjea

The Engine Core

The Input System
The CEngine Class
The Game Cycle
Handling Input
The SimpEngine

The Camera
The World
Adding Models
The Audio System
The Particle System
Summary

Chapter 21: Making a Game: A Time to Kill
Initial Design
The Game World
The Enemies

Enemy Al
The Ogro
The Sod

Rockets and Explosions
The User Interface
Playing the Game
Building the EXE
Summary

Part IV: Appendixes

Appendix A: Online Resources
Game Development

GameDev.net
Game Development Search Engine
flipCode
Gamasutra

OpenGL

NeHe Productions
OpenGL.org
Additional OpenGL Links

DirectX

DirectX Developer Center
The DirectX Mailing List

Miscellaneous Resources

ParticleSystems.com
Real-Time Rendering
Developer Pages
Fog Articles

Appendix B: Using the CD
The CD User Interface
CD-ROM File Structure
System Requirements
Installation
Miscellaneous Problems and Troubleshooting Information
Still Need Help?

Index